Arabic and Hebrew: Libro Iniciación a Ubuntu 16.04, After Installing Ubuntu, Ubuntu flavours

Libro Iniciación a Ubuntu 16.04

After Installing Ubuntu

1 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 16.04 LTS

2 Post-instalación de Ubuntu 14.04 LTS

You’re reading this post because you either plan to upgrade to Ubuntu 16.04 LTS or you already have — that makes you awesome!
But before you award yourself a well-earned pat on the back I heartily suggest you check out this list of the top 16 things to do after installing Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.

16 things to do after installing Ubuntu 16.04
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You’ll find it jam-packed with common-sense tips, nifty tweaks and helpful advice. It doesn’t matter if you’re a brand new Ubuntu user (welcome!) or an experienced stalwart (how’s it going?) – you’ll find something of use.
Feel free to use the comments section at the bottom of this article to share you own post-install must-dos with other readers.
Ready to dive in?

1. See What’s New in Ubuntu 16.04 LTS

New options! New apps! New kernel! New… everything!
Some exciting new changes feature in Ubuntu 16.04 LTS so be sure to take a few minutes to familiarize yourself with what’s new and improved.
Whether you upgrade from 2014’s Ubuntu 14.04 LTS or waddle on up through the Wily Werewolf, you’re going to find the same neat new features and apps on offer.
For example, if you’re doing a fresh install then the Unity Dash no longer includes online search features by default. You will need to explicitly opt-in to see web links, shopping results and other cruft in the Unity Dash. In earlier versions of Ubuntu you had to opt-out.
Seasoned Ubuntu pros and fresh-faced newbies alike can peruse a full list of all the natty new features in our release recap post:

See What’s New In Ubuntu 16.04 LTS

2. Check for Any Last Minute Updates

Update notification in Ubuntu 16.04

Now that you’re up to speed on what’s new, next step is to check for updates.
Yes, I appreciate that this sounds like an odd thing to do after upgrading or installing but it’s important that you do it.
Firstly, not everyone is reading this list on release date. And even if you are, a few last-minute security, stability or bug fixes may have slipped out between the installation image being created and you installing from it — bugs don’t stick to the same deadlines that developers do!
How to check for updates on Ubuntu:

Launch the ‘Software Updater’ tool from the Unity Dash
Click the button to check for updates
Install (if needed)

3. Install Linux Graphics Drivers

Install GPU drivers

Ubuntu supports most Nvidia and Intel graphics hardware out of the box, giving you a choice of free, open-source drivers or proprietary, closed-source drivers.
But to get the best performance from your Ubuntu PC you will want to use the latest proprietary graphics drivers available for your hardware.
Ubuntu makes it easy to do this, and you benefit from a smoother Unity desktop experience as a result. You’ll squeeze higher frame rates out of your favourite games, too. ;)
If you plan to play the latest Steam games on Ubuntu or use GPU heavy apps like Blender you should install the latest proprietary Linux graphics drivers available for your hardware.
To do this:

Open up the ‘Software & Updates’ tool from the Unity Dash
Click the ‘Additional Drivers’ tab
Follow any on-screen prompts to check for, install and apply any changes

Gamers using Nvidia hardware who are willing to trade a bit of stability for a whole lot of newness can use the Nvidia Graphics PPA to install newer Nvidia Linux graphics drivers.

Those of you on Radeon device should be aware that the standard AMD driver is NOT SUPPORTED in 16.04 at this time. A future point release is expected to bring support for the new AMDGPU driver. Expect a regression in system performance if you upgrade.

4. Install Media Codecs

Playing MP3s in Rhythmbox

Legal issues stop Ubuntu from being able to play MP3, MP4 and other media files ‘out of the box’.
Ubuntu can play your audio and video files, you just have to tell it to do so.
The easiest way to do this is to check (tick) the ‘Enable Restricted Formats‘ box during installation. This will install all the required multimedia codecs automatically, along with the OS itself.
If you forgot to do that (or upgrade from an earlier release) you can install the multimedia codecs manually via the Software app:

Install Ubuntu Restricted Extras

5. Enable ‘Minimise on Click’

Click on an app launcher icon to open an app. Click on the same icon again to minimise the app. Intuitive, right?
That may be, but it is not the default behaviour in Unity — which can be off-putting to new users. It’s also not obvious how to enable it.
Run the following command (or install/use Unity Tweak Tool > Unity > Launcher > Minimise):

gsettings set org.compiz.unityshell:/org/compiz/profiles/unity/plugins/unityshell/ launcher-minimize-window true

6. Move The Unity Launcher

Ubuntu positions its app launcher on the left-hand side of the desktop by default.
Ubuntu 16.04 finally lets you choose where the Unity launcher is positioned.
If you want to move the Unity launcher to the bottom of the screen run the following command in a new Terminal (or install/use Unity Tweak Tool > Unity > Launcher > Position):

gsettings set com.canonical.Unity.Launcher launcher-position Bottom

7. Install New GTK and Icon Themes

Ubuntu can be themed to suit your tastes

Ubuntu’s default look is nice enough, but it’s not to everyone’s tastes.
For those who switch to Ubuntu from Mac OS X, Windows 10 or a different design-led Linux distro like elementary, the stock Ambiance GTK theme and Ubuntu Mono icon set can seem humdrum and old-fashioned.
The good news is that it is easy to make Ubuntu look fantastic. You can do this in a number of ways.
The ‘Appearance‘ section in Ubuntu System Settings lets you adjust parts of the Ubuntu desktop to suit your needs, including:

Change the desktop wallpaper
Switch to a light theme
Adjust the size of icons on the Unity launcher

For more customization options, be it changing the desktop font or choosing which side window controls appear, install the free Unity Tweak Tool from Software.

Install Unity Tweak Tool from the Ubuntu Software Center

For a more thorough visual revamp you can install new GTK and icon themes, like our current favourite Arc.
Sift through our Themes section to find other ‘eye candy’, including desktop wallpapers, widgets and cool apps.

8. Decide Where App Menus Show Up

Do you prefer app menus to show in-app?

Application menus appear in Ubuntu’s top panel by default and auto-hide after a set several seconds.
A great way to save space, but also a great way to confuse. When you’re using several apps it’s often hard to know which app the ‘Files’, ‘Edit’, etc. strip at the top of the screen belongs to — or where they’ve suddenly vanished to!
Ubuntu provides options inside the System Settings > Appearance pane that allow you to choose where app menus appear.
If you’d rather see menus inside the window of the app they belong to:

Go to ‘System Settings > Appearance’
Select the ‘Behavior’ tab
Find the section headed: ‘Show the Menus for a Window’
Check (click) the circle next to ‘In the window’s title bar’

To make application menus ‘Always Show’:

Go to ‘System Settings > Appearance’
Select the ‘Behavior’ tab
Find the section headed: ‘Menus visibility’
Check (click) the circle next to ‘Always displayed’

9. Explore The New ‘Software’ Store

A new software store ships as part of Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.
Direct from the department of “Long Overdue Changes”, this all-new app store replaces the Ubuntu Software Center which has shipped in every Ubuntu release since Ubuntu 9.10!
‘Software’ (inspired name, right?) is a sleeker, snappier storefront letting you browse, install and update apps. If you’re used to the old Software Center then be prepared to relearn a few tricks.
The ‘Software’ tool is host to thousands of free apps, including:

Steam – Game distribution platform
GIMP – Advanced image editor similar to Photoshop
Corebird – Desktop Twitter client
VLC – Versatile media player
Chromium – Open-source web browser (differences)
Skype¹ – VoIP service
Shutter – Screenshot annotation tool

10. Install Your Favourite Apps

Not every app you wish to use is available to install through the new Software tool. In fact, a wealth of awesome Linux software exists outside of the main Ubuntu repositories.
You won’t find these in the Ubuntu software store. Easy-to-install .Deb package downloads, which you double-click on to install, are available for most of the following apps:

Google Chrome – Web browser with built-in, up-to-date Flash for Linux
Nylas N1 – A modern, stylish email client
Dropbox – Cloud storage service
Spotify for Linux – Music streaming service
Lightworks Free – Professional non-linear video editor
Viber – Cross-platform Skype alternative
Vivaldi – Developer focused web browser

The official websites of the apps mentioned are linked above to help you learn more about them and to download an Ubuntu installer.

If you want even more awesome app suggestions why not bookmark our Apps section?

View App Posts on OMG! Ubuntu!

11. Sync Your Cloud Account(s)

Dropbox

You know that having a backup of your important files, folders and documents is super important.
Whether you prefer to pocket your personal files in Dropbox, OneDrive or Google Drive, try to get everything in sync as soon as possible after your install.
Most major cloud providers, excepting Apple iCloud, can be used on Ubuntu. Some of these are easier to set up than others, though:

Dropbox provides a native Linux client that is regularly updated
OwnCloud lets you host your own personal cloud for ultimate control
OneDrive is accessible through third-party scripts
InSync offers unofficial Google Drive Linux support (for a fee)

Also keep in mind that not all of the apps listed integrate with Nautilus, the file manager used in Ubuntu.

12. Install Adobe Flash on Linux

Flash sucks, but for some sites you may not have the option of not using it.
Adobe officially stopped supporting Flash on Linux in 2012 and many web browsers are in the process of dropping support for its NPAPI architecture.
The overall best solution for using Flash on Linux is to download and use Google Chrome. Chrome comes with an up-to-date version of the Flash plugin built-in. In fact it’s the only way to get the latest Flash player updates on Linux — and it’s a PPAPI plugin, too.
But I appreciate that not everyone wants to use Chrome. Some of you may be using a 32-bit version of Ubuntu, which Chrome no longer supports. Whatever the reason you need it, here’s how to get it:

Install Flash Player Plugin

If you want to watch Amazon Instant Video, Hulu or any other sites that uses DRM through HAL, we’ve got a guide on that.

13. Supercharge The Unity Dash

A lone toggle

The Unity Dash is the hub of the OS. You can search, preview and open recent files, folders, installed apps and media content.
But it can do so much more if you ask it to.
How does checking the weather forecast without leaving your desktop sound? What about sifting through Wikipedia articles, previewing music on SoundCloud, or browsing eBay? All possible when you enable Unity’s online search feature.
Head to the Privacy & Security section of System Settings. From there you can also:

Enable online search features in the Unity Dash
Choose which folders and files appear in the Dash
Turn on/off automatic error reporting

14. Pick a Gnarly New Wallpaper

If the default wallpapers chosen for Ubuntu 16.04 LTS don’t quite meet your taste, feel free to change it.
The Xubuntu Community Wallpaper package from the Software store has a collection of 10 high-resolution nature photographs, including a cute nut-nibbling squirrel!

Install Xubuntu community wallpapers

Check our Wallpaper category for even more inspiration.

15. Install a System Cleaner

Caches and cruft accumulate as you use Ubuntu. To keep your fresh install feeling, well, fresh you should do a bit of basic housekeeping from time to time.

One of my favourite system cleaning apps is BleachBit (free, open source). BleachBit can tackle menial tasks, from clearing your browser’s cache to deleting packages left over from installation, all at the push of a button.
If you upgrade from an earlier version of Ubuntu using a system cleaning tool (or command) is a foolproof way to claw back some precious space. You’ll also keep your system running lean ‘n mean — which is always bonus!
Just be careful about what you clean: don’t remove anything you’re unsure of.

Install BleachBit on Ubuntu

16. Tell Others About Ubuntu

If the 15 steps before this one are the bread, then this 16th idea is definitely the cheese! ;)
If you try Ubuntu 16.04 LTS and like it remember to tell someone about it.
There are plenty of ways to tell other people about Ubuntu (and open-source software in general). You might:

Burn a Live DVD/USB for someone you know to try
Share what you like about it on social media and blogs
Contribute to development by reporting bugs
Wear an Ubuntu t-shirt or put Linux stickers on your laptops
Join an Ubuntu LoCo team or Linux User Group

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Post-instalación de Ubuntu 14.04 LTS

Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Trusty Tahr fue lanzada el 17 de Abril de 2014. Es una distribución Gnu-Linux basada en Debian y el Linux kernel 3.13.9. En esta versión de Ubuntu se incluye el escritorio Unity Shell basado en Gnome 3.
A continuación indicamos comandos para utilizar en el terminal de sistema. Para abrirlo podemos utilizar el siguiente atajo de teclas: Ctrl+Alt+T
En el terminal pegaremos los comandos previamente copiados con la siguiente combinación de teclas: Crtl+v
Para copiar texto del terminal, seleccionaremos con el ratón lo que queramos y luego la combinación de teclast: Crtl+c
Empezamos por comprobar e instalar todas las actualizaciones disponibles:

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade

Formatos multimedia restringidos en Ubuntu 14.04

Existen numerosos formatos de audio y vídeo que no tienen licencia libre y que no vienen por defecto en Ubuntu 14. Te explicamos como instalar
En la instalación incluiremos Adobe Flash Player, multimedia codecs w32codecs o w64codecs, mp3-compatible encoding (Lame), FFMpeg, extra Gstreamer codecs, y el paquete para decodificar DVD (libdvdread4, ver información sobre libdvdcss2), unrar archiver, odbc y cabextract.
También instalaremos otros formatos incluidos en las librerías libavcodec-unstripped-52 y libavutil-unstripped-49.
Si estas utilizando Ubuntu puedes hacer clic en el siguiente enlace para abrir el Software Center e iniciar la instalación: ubuntu-restricted-extras package o abrir el terminal (Ctrl+Alt+t). Copia y luego pega en el terminal (Ctrl+v).

sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras

Esto iniciará la descarga y posterior instalación de múltiples librerías, sigue las instrucciones en el terminal.
Tras finalizar la instalación seguiremos con la versión sin restricciones de libavcodec . Esto instalará múltiples codecs para todos los reproductores de audio y vídeo en Ubuntu.

sudo apt-get install libavcodec-extra

Reproducir DVD en Ubuntu 14.04

Si quieres ver películas en formato DVD deberás instalar CSS (Content Scramble System). Además de la popular librería libdvdcss2 para descifrar y cifrar en formato DVD.

sudo apt-get install libdvdread4
sudo /usr/share/doc/libdvdread4/install-css.sh

Habilitar el formato H.264 en Firefox y los correspondientes repositorios de código para tenerlo actualizado con el Software Update

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:mc3man/trusty-media
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg

Rar y Zip for ubuntu 14.04

Para instalar los compresores de archivos Rar y Zip escribe lo siguiente en el terminal. Se incluyen muchos otros formatos de compresión

sudo apt-get install unace unrar zip unzip p7zip-full p7zip-rar sharutils rar uudeview mpack lha arj cabextract file-roller

Instalar Java en Ubuntu 14.04

La gran mayoría de usuarios solo precisan OpenJRE.
Copia los siguientes comandos en el terminal:

sudo apt-get install icedtea-7-plugin openjdk-7-jre

La versión para desarrolladores se instala con los siguientes comandos:

sudo apt-get install openjdk-7-jdk

Si necesitas las librerías de Oracle Java 7 (JDK, JRE y el plugin)

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install oracle-java7-installer

Mejorar la gestión de la batería del portátil con TPL

Para instalar TPL utiliza los siguientes comandos en el terminal:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:linrunner/tlp
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install tlp tlp-rdw
sudo tlp start

Ubuntu Flavours

Edubuntu
Edubuntu includes applications and games appropriate for children, and enables a teacher to setup a complete classroom quickly and easily.
Kubuntu
Kubuntu offers the KDE Plasma Workspace experience, a good-looking system for home and office use.
Lubuntu
Lubuntu is a fast, energy saving and lightweight variant of Ubuntu using LXDE. It is popular with PC and laptop users running on low-spec hardware.
Mythbuntu
Mythbuntu is a standalone MythTV based PVR system. It can be a standalone system or integrated with an existing MythTV network.
Ubuntu GNOME
Ubuntu GNOME uses GNOME Shell along with a plethora of applications from the GNOME Desktop Environment.
Ubuntu Kylin
The Ubuntu Kylin project is tuned to the needs of Chinese users, providing a thoughtful and elegant Chinese experience out-of-the-box.
Ubuntu MATE
Ubuntu MATE expresses the simplicity of a classic desktop environment. MATE is the continuation of the GNOME 2 desktop which was Ubuntu's default desktop until October 2010.
Ubuntu Studio
Ubuntu Studio is a multimedia content creation flavor of Ubuntu, aimed at the audio, video and graphic enthusiast or professional.
Xubuntu
Xubuntu is an elegant and easy to use operating system. Xubuntu comes with Xfce, which is a stable, light and configurable desktop environment.

Ubuntu Derivatives

to be read with: Ubuntu flavours

For Linux Beginners: Linux Mint and Pinguy OS
browser plugins, media codecs, support for DVD playback, Java and other components.
Similar to Windows: Zorin OS
Based on the GNOME desktop, it has a Windows-like graphical user interface and many programs similar to those found in Windows. Zorin OS also comes with an application that lets users run many Windows programs.
Lightweight Versions: Lubuntu, Xubuntu and CrunchBang
intended to have low-resource system requirements and is designed primarily for netbooks, mobile devices and older PCs.
For Cloud-Based Netbooks: Jolicloud
A Multimedia Focus: Ubuntu Studio and Mythbuntu
includes a collection of open source applications for multimedia creation. Mythbuntu, on the other hand, uses the Xfce desktop and focuses on setting up a standalone MythTV-based PVR system.
For Education: Edubuntu
designed to be suitable for classroom use, enabling an educator with limited technical knowledge and skill to set up and administer a computer
A Different Desktop: Kubuntu and Netrunner
both variations that use the KDE desktop instead.

You can install many of these desktop environments on Ubuntu, if you want to play with them. Your application menus will be more cluttered if you install everything on one system, though.

Información en la página de Ubuntu: Ubuntu Ecosystem Derivatives Home

lunes, 24 de enero de 2022

Libro Iniciación a Ubuntu 16.04, After Installing Ubuntu, Ubuntu flavours